Maximal oppositions
Maximal opposition therapy is an approach for speech and language therapists who are working with children who have unclear speech due to phonological impairment. The approach is based on the therapist’s analysis what children know about the adult speech system and what they need to learn to make their own speech clearer. This analysis helps therapists decide what elements of speech to target, so as to get the best results (Gierut, 1992; Gierut, 2001; Gierut, Elbert & Dinnsen, 1987).
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Maximal oppositions
Maximal opposition therapy is an approach for speech and language therapists who are working with children who have unclear speech due to phonological impairment. The approach is based on the therapist’s analysis what children know about the adult speech system and what they need to learn to make their own speech clearer. This analysis helps therapists decide what elements of speech to target, so as to get the best results (Gierut, 1992; Gierut, 2001; Gierut, Elbert & Dinnsen, 1987).
Evidence Rating: Moderate
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Visual approaches to support speech and language
The underpinning reasoning for this approach is that children who have language learning difficulties often show strengths in their visual skills (Archibold & Gathercole, 2006). The approach covers a wide range of ways of supporting children’s language learning through the use of additional visual clues.
Evidence Rating: Indicative
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Meaningful Minimal Contrast Therapy (MMCT)
Meaningful minimal contrast therapy (MMCT) is an approach for speech and language therapists who are working with children who have unclear speech due to phonological impairment and is one of a number of contrast therapies which have evolved over the last two decades. The common aim of all these therapies is improved speech production in children with unclear speech due to speech sound difficulties (phonological impairment).
Evidence Rating: Moderate
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Parent-child book reading
Parent-child book reading aims to foster children’s language and literacy development, as well as attachment with the parent and social-emotional wellbeing.
Evidence Rating: Moderate
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Metaphon
Metaphon is an approach for speech and language therapists who are working with children who have unclear speech due to phonological impairment. Metaphon (Dean, Howell, Hill & Waters, 1990; Dean, Howell, Waters & Reid, 1995) is a cognitive-linguistic treatment that aims to increase metalinguistic awareness as a means of improving phonological change and speech sound production (Gierut, 1998).
Evidence Rating: Indicative
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Parent directed home visiting intervention
Parent-directed home visiting intervention aims to increase parent knowledge of child language development and improve the quality and quantity of parent–child language interaction in families of low socio-economic status. A trained coach visits family homes every week for 8 weeks and implements 8 computer-based intervention modules with parents of children aged 1.5-3 years.
Evidence Rating: Moderate
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Millieu teaching/ therapy
Milieu Teaching/Therapy has a long history in the field of psychiatry and psychiatric nursing. It is a planned treatment environment in which everyday events and interactions are designed as part of therapy to enhance social skills and build confidence. The milieu, or "life space," provides a safe environment that is rich with social opportunities and immediate feedback from caring staff.
Evidence Rating: Moderate
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Palin parent-child interaction therapy
Palin Parent-Child Interaction (PCI) therapy is an approach for managing stammering in children aged 7 years and under, developed at the Michael Palin Centre for Stammering Children (MPC). It is aimed at helping parents identify and develop interaction styles within the family setting which promote their child’s natural fluency.
Evidence Rating: Indicative
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PhonoSens
PhonoSens is a treatment programme for speech sound disorders in preschool-early primary school aged children which focuses on integrating phonological and phonetic processing according to the Integrated Psycholinguistic Model of Speech Processing (IPMSP, Terband et al 2019). In PhonoSens, therapy is divided approximately in half between perceptual and production training. The programme involves 6 hierarchical steps and is delivered over 15 weekly sessions of 45 min each.
Evidence Rating: Moderate
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